Aztec sun god
Who was the Aztec sun god? Actually, it’s not such a simple question. Why? Because in the Aztec religion, there wasn’t only one sun, and there were many sun-gods over many ages. It’s kind of like looking at a list of Mexican presidents – only a little more complicated. To make it even more tricky, the empire was actually a mosaic of many cultures, and so it was a combination of more than one (related) religion!
But let’s try to simplify it a bit, and take a whirlwind tour through the Aztec “history” of the gods…
In Aztec religion, there were 5 ages or “5 suns”. Each of these ages had a different Aztec sun god, and each age ended in disaster. The represents only one storyline in the Aztec empire.
Tezcatlipoca
Tezcatlipoca (smoking mirror) was the first god to be a sun. The god of the night, Tezcatlipoca was an enemy of Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcoatl knocked Tezcatlipoca from the sky, and in revenge, Tezcatlipoca took the form of a jaguar and destroyed the world.
Quetzalcoatl
The natural replacement was Quetzalcoatl (feathered serpent), who became the next Sun. But the rivalry continued, and the paw of the jaguar knocked him from the sky. So the reign of the second sun god came to an end. A great wind arose and there was great destruction on the earth.
Tlaloc
The gods next chose Tlaloc, a god of rain, to be the sun. But Quetzalcoatl wasn’t happy, and made the fire rain down, causing destruction on the earth and the end of the age.
Chalchiuhtlicue
Next came the Aztec sun goddess – Tlaloc’s sister, Chalchiuhtlicue (the lady of the jade skirts), was chosen by Quetzacoatl to next rule the sky. Chalchiuhtlicue was the goddess of water – lakes, and streams. But once again the fighting of the gods caused the destruction of the world, which was again destroyed by floods.
The final sun?
No other god wanted the job of being the sun. A council was formed, and the gods decided that the last sun would have to offer his life so that the world and its people would survive. Two gods were chosen: Tecciztecatl was the first, a wealthy and powerful god. The second was Nanauatl (or Nanauatzin), the humble god. His name means full of sores.
A great fire was kindled, and the one who would be the sun god would have to leap into the fire. Tecciztecatl, proud and desiring immortality, tried to jump in but was afraid because of the intense heat of the flames. After four attempts, he still could not bring himself to jump.
Finally, Nanauatl was asked to jump – and he did. His pride wounded, Tecciztecatl leaped in after him!
So now we’ve had six sun gods, and two suns at the same time! The gods wouldn’t stand for this, so they threw a rabbit into the face of Tecciztecatl to dim his brightness. And so he became the moon, doomed to chase the sun forever, but never to shine as bright.
And so Nanauatl was to be the Aztec sun god. He was given the name Tonatuih. It is Tonatuih’s face that many believe to be on the Aztec calendar stone.
So Tonatuih was the sun god, right?
You could probably say that but who was Tonatuih? He was Nanauatzin, the humble god who flung himself into the fire. But the Aztecs had another sun god – Huitzilopochtli.
Huitzilopochtli (hummingbird of the south) was a god of war. As the Aztec empire grew and conquered, it became more and more a culture of warriors. Huitzilopochtli was the Aztec god, the leader that allowed them to conquer. As the power of the empire grew, it made sense to believe that Huitzilopochtli was a very powerful god.
The people of Mexico believed that the sun could not move on its own. As a matter of fact, when it first came into the sky, it couldn’t move at all. The gods themselves had to be sacrificed. And now humans had to repay the debt and keep the sun moving, with their own sacrifices.
Aztec sun god
Above, the actual image, below an artist’s color conception.
Warriors, gods, and humans alike fought in the sky to keep the sun moving. The great warrior god was the one who fought for the sun, and so he himself is often considered the Aztec sun god.
The Creation of the Sun and the Moon or, Why Mexicans See a Rabbit in the Moon
According to the Aztecs, there were four suns created and destroyed before the period in which we currently live. A new world was created after the destruction of the 4th sun, but the gods were only voices in uninterrupted darkness, having no sun or moon. After 26 years of living in the dark, the gods gathered together and decided that this state of affairs could not be allowed to continue, so they hatched a plan to create a new sun and a new moon.
After a testosterone-fueled evening of mescal consumption, the gods determined that the best way to create a new sun and moon was for one of them to jump into a blazing pyre. But two gods volunteered for the task: Tecuciztécatl and Nanahuatzin. Now Tecuciztécatl was a good-looking fellow with a very high opinion of himself. He got himself duded up in fabulous, jewel-encrusted robes and prepared himself by making offerings of remarkable treasures such as quetzal feathers and coral incense. For his part, Nanahuatzin was a humble, unassuming god who was not so easy on the eye, having been disfigured by severe acne throughout his life. He dressed in simple robes and prepared himself for the sacrifice by using cactus thorns to offer his own blood and the scabs from his pimples. (OK, so he was kind of a gross god too.)
When the moment for the sacrifice came, the bold, handsome, and well-heeled Tecuciztécatl rushed to throw himself into the fire first but reeled away in panic and fear once he felt the full heat of the flames. He tried to summon his courage and jump into the flames again, but after 4 attempts he still had not mastered his resolve. Then the modest, homely, and plainly-dressed Nanahuatzin stepped forward and, without a word or a moment of hesitation, strode straight into the flames. Just as the other gods were amazed by Nanahuatzin’s wondrous courage, so was Tecuciztécatl shamed by it and it was this shame that, at last, gave him the resolve to throw himself into to the flames as well.
Now the original plan had been for only one god to form both the sun and the moon, but with the sacrifice of two gods, the sun and the moon shone equally brightly in the sky. From a state of constant darkness, the gods now found themselves in a state of constant light. To remedy this blindingly bright situation that not even the best Oakleys could alleviate, one of the gods on the ground threw a rabbit up into the moon’s face, giving the moon its distinctive markings and cooling the light of the moon to its current state. That is why, to this day, when Mexicans look at the moon they don’t see the Man in the Moon but the Conejo en la Luna, the Rabbit in the Moon.
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