Quetzalcóatl, Mayan name Kukulcán (from Nahuatl quetzalli, “tail feather of the quetzal bird [Pharomachrus mocinno]” and coatl, “snake”), the Feathered Serpent, was a major deity in ancient Mexico – Aztecs. Representations of a feathered snake can be found on the central plateau as early as the Teotihuacán civilization (3rd to 8th century CE). Quetzalcóatl appears to have been conceived at the time as a vegetation god—an earth and water deity closely associated with the rain god Tlaloc.
With the arrival of Nahua-speaking tribes from the north, Quetzalcóatl’s cult underwent significant transformations. The subsequent Toltec culture (9th–12th centuries), centered on Tula, emphasized war and human sacrifice in conjunction with the worship of heavenly bodies. Quetzalcóatl became the god of the morning and evening star, and his temple was the focal point of Tula’s ceremonial life.
Quetzalcóatl was revered in Aztec times (14th–16th centuries) as the patron of priests, the inventor of the calendar and books, and the protector of goldsmiths and other craftsmen; he was also associated with the planet Venus. Quetzalcóatl, as the morning and evening star, was a symbol of death and resurrection. He was said to have descended to Mictlan’s underground hell with his companion Xolotl, a dog-headed god, to gather the bones of the ancient dead. He anointed those bones with his own blood, giving birth to the men who live in the present universe.
One important body of myths depicts Quetzalcóatl as the priest-king of Tula, the Toltec capital. He never offered human victims, instead preferring snakes, birds, and butterflies. Tezcatlipoca, the god of the night sky, expelled him from Tula through black magic. Quetzalcóatl wandered down to the coast of the “divine water” (the Atlantic Ocean) and then immolated himself on a pyre, becoming Venus. According to another story, he boarded a raft made of snakes and vanished beyond the eastern horizon.
The legend of Tezcatlipoca’s victory over the Feathered Serpent is most likely based on historical fact. The Teotihuacán culture, with its inspired ideals of priestly rule and peaceful behavior, dominated the first century of the Toltec civilization. Northern immigrants’ pressure resulted in a social and religious revolution, with a military ruling class seizing power from the priests. The defeat of Quetzalcóatl symbolized the end of the Classic theocracy. His sea voyage to the east was most likely connected with the invasion of Yucatán by the Itzá, a tribe with strong Toltec characteristics. Ce Acatl was Quetzalcóatl’s calendar name (One Reed).
Because the Aztec Mythology sovereign Montezuma II believed he would return from the east in a One Reed year, he regarded the Spanish conqueror Hernán Cortés and his comrades as divine envoys, because 1519, the year they landed on the Mexican Gulf coast, was a One Reed year.
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