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 Archaeologists from Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) reported Monday the discovery of a remarkable 600-year-old Aztec sculpture portraying a golden eagle in an ancient temple (Jan. 25).

The eagle is the largest bas-relief sculpture yet discovered at the temple, measuring 41.7 inches by 27.6 inches (106 by 70 cm).

The eagle was carved into the floor of a structure near Templo Mayor, the distinctive pyramid-shaped temple that was built in the center of the ancient Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlán and is now located in modern-day Mexico City.

During the reign of Moctezuma I in the mid-15th century, artists produced the bas-relief, a kind of sculpture with raised images carved out of a stone background.

Subsequent monarchs Moctezuma I (1440–1469) and Ahutzotl (1486–1502) also made important contributions to the temple, often erecting new structures on top of older ones.

During Ahutzotl's reign, another floor was added on top of the bas-relief eagle carved into the floor of one of the constructions near to Templo Mayor.

In a statement, Rodolfo Aguilar Tapia, an archaeologist from INAH who conducted the investigation, said, "That is why it has a good level of conservation." "It's an element that the Spaniards have never seen," he explained.

The magnificent eagle sculpture now stands beneath a major intersection in Mexico City. The edifice, however, would have been built towards the base of Templo Mayor's southern slope. The Great Temple, also known as the Templo Mayor, was a large pyramid-shaped edifice in the middle of Tenochtitlán that served as the hub of Aztec religion and culture. Two chapels dedicated to Huitzilopochtli — the god of the sun and war, as well as the city's patron — and the rain god Tlloc stood at the peak. The temple was one of 78 constructions that made up Tenochitlán's sacred precinct.

In an email to Live Science, Caroline Dodds Pennock, an Aztec historian at the University of Sheffield in England, said, "For the Aztecs, the Templo Mayor sat at the core of the physical, mythical, and spiritual universes."

The temple was built at the beginning of the 15th century by the Aztec king Itzcoatl, who reigned between 1427 and 1440. It would have also been on the central axis, which ran from Huitzilopochtli's chapel at the top of Templo Mayor to a massive figure of his sister, the goddess Coyolxauhqui, down below.

The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) — also known as an "itzcuauhtli," or obsidian eagle, in the Nahuatl language spoken by Indigenous people in central Mexico — was an important symbol in Aztec culture. 

"The eagle was a sacred creature in Aztec philosophy, supposed to have been present at the birth of the sun (thus the blackened'singed' wing tips) and was the symbol of one of Aztec culture's top warrior groups," Pennock explained.

The bird of prey was also widely associated with Huitzilopochtli, and the bas-placement relief's may allude to a popular legend about the god.

"According to Aztec mythology, Huitzilopochtli defeated his sister Coyolxauhqui and threw her down a mountain, where she shattered," Pennock explained. "Human sacrifice was repeated on the Templo Mayor, with the bodies of victims being hurled down the steps."

Pennock believes that sculpting the eagle near the monument of Coyolxauhqui at the foot of Templo Mayor was a reference to both this myth and the very real human sacrifices that took place there.

The depiction of a golden eagle in the Codex Borgia, a famous Aztec text from the 16th century, is similar to the bas-relief. The freshly discovered eagle's feathers, like those in the Codex Borgia, appear to be sacrificial knives, according to the experts.

Pennock added, "The Templo Mayor Project continues to offer fascinating insights into Aztec culture." "This eagle offers another another dimension to our understanding of how the Aztecs viewed mythological past as central to their belief and ritual."

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