The Aztec Empire, also known as the Triple Alliance (Classical Nahuatl: xcn Tlahtlyn, [jékan tatolójan]), was a Nahua altepetl city-state alliance that included Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan. From 1428 until 1521, these three city-states ruled the area in and around the Valley of Mexico, until they were defeated by a combined force of Spanish conquistadores and native allies led by Hernán Cortés.
The alliance was founded by the winners of a civil war that took place between the city of Azcapotzalco and its former vassal regions.
Despite the empire's origins as an alliance of three self-governing city-states, Tenochtitlan quickly became militarily dominant. By the time the Spanish came in 1519, the alliance's holdings were practically administered from Tenochtitlan, while the other alliance partners had taken on various secondary duties.
Following its creation, the coalition launched conquest wars and rapidly expanded. At its peak, the alliance ruled over most of central Mexico as well as some more remote Mesoamerican areas, such as the Xoconochco province, an Aztec exclave near the Guatemalan border. Scholars have classified Aztec rule as "hegemonic" or "indirect." The Aztecs allowed conquered city rulers to remain in power as long as they committed to pay the alliance semi-annual tribute and contribute armed personnel as needed for Aztec war efforts. In exchange, the imperial power provided security and political stability, as well as facilitating an integrated commercial network of many countries and peoples.
In exchange for protection and political stability, the imperial power facilitated an interwoven economic network of various territories and peoples with great local autonomy.
The empire's state religion was polytheistic, with dozens of deities worshipped in a diverse pantheon. Many had large enough legally sanctioned cults that the deity was represented in the capital Tenochtitlan's principal temple precinct. Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec Mexican's characteristic warlike patron god, was the focus of the imperial religion. People in conquered regions were allowed to keep and practice their own religious traditions as long as they included Huitzilopochtli, the imperial god, in their local pantheons.
The word "Aztec" as we know it now would not have been used by the Aztecs. It has been used to refer to the Aztecs or the Triple Alliance, the Nahuatl-speaking people of central Mexico prior to the Spanish conquest, or the Nahuatl-speaking tribes' Mexica ethnicity (from tlaca).The name is derived from the Nahuatl word aztecatl ([astekat]), which means "[people] from Aztlan" and refers to the Nahua people's mythological homeland. (For the sake of this article, "Aztec" refers only to the cities that made up or were part of the alliance; see the article on Aztec culture for a more general definition.)
Before the Aztec Empire
Nahua peoples are descended from Chichimec peoples who migrated to central Mexico from the north in the early 13th century (mostly sparsely around present-day states of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, and Guanajuato). The Aztec Mexico's migratory story is comparable to that of other central Mexican polities, with supernatural sites, people, and events intertwining earthly and divine history as they sought political legitimacy. The place of origin was named Aztlán, according to the pictographic codices in which the Aztecs recorded their history. Early migrants established a number of separate city-states throughout the Mexican Basin and adjacent lands. Tlahtohqueh (singular: tlatoni) dynastic chiefs ruled these early Nahua city-states, known as altepetl. Before the Mexica migration, most of the existing communities had been created by other indigenous peoples.
These early city-states engaged in a number of small-scale conflicts with one another, but no single city was able to acquire control due to shifting alliances. The Nahua migrants who arrived in Central Mexico last were the Mexica. Around the year 1250, they arrived in the Mexican Basin, but most of the fertile agricultural land had already been occupied. The Mexica persuaded the monarch of Culhuacan, a tiny city-state but historically significant as a Toltec refuge, to allow them to reside in Chapultepec (Chapoltepec, "in the hill of grasshoppers"). Culhuacan used the Mexica as mercenaries.
After the Mexica fought alongside Culhuacan in battle, the monarch named one of his daughters as Mexica ruler. Rather, under the command of their god Xipe Totec, the Mexica sacrificed her by flaying her skin, according to legendary native stories.
When the monarch of Culhuacan learnt of this, he launched an offensive and employed his troops to forcibly expel the Mexica from Tizaapan. The Mexica relocated to an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, where a nopal cactus served as a nesting site for an eagle. In the year me calli, or "Two House," the Mexica saw this as a sign from their gods and constructed their new city, Tenochtitlan, on this island (1325 AD).
Aztec warfare
The Mexica were known for their formidable warriors and their ability to establish themselves as a military power. Prior to the advent of the Spanish in 1519, the centrality of warriors and the essential nature of combat in Mexica political and religious life helped propel them to become the preeminent military power.
The new Mexica city-state formed an alliance with Azcapotzalco and paid tribute to Tezozomoc, the ruler of that city. Azcapotzalco grew into a tiny tributary empire with the help of the Mexica. The Mexica ruler had not been recognized as a legitimate king until this point. Mexica chiefs were successful in persuading one of Culhuacan's rulers to grant a daughter to marry into the Mexica line. In the year 1372, their son Acamapichtli was enthroned as Tenochtitlan's first tlatoani.
Texcoco, an Acolhua city in the eastern part of the lake basin, increased in strength when the Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco expanded their dominion with the support of the Mexica. The two states eventually went to war, and the Mexica played a key part in the capture of Texcoco. Tenochtitlan had evolved into a significant city by this time, and the Tepanecs honored it by giving it Texcoco as a vassal province.
From tactics to weapons, Mexica warfare was characterized by a priority on capturing rather than killing foes. Enemies were captured as part of religious rituals and as a way for warriors to distinguish themselves during wars.
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